Arterial injuries to the lower limb, such as from a shark bite or deep laceration, can lead to catastrophic bleeding and death. Current first aid measures involve trained personnel applying an arterial tourniquet. However, even a short delay in haemorrhage management can lead to significant blood loss, brain injury or death. There is growing evidence that the simple technique of applying pressure to the groin can effectively occlude blood flow through the femoral artery, buying time for medically trained personnel to attend.

One potential application of this technique is the treatment of shark attack victims with lower limb injuries, where beachgoers without medical training who have only seen a sign on a beach could apply life saving first aid. There is plethora of other potential applications outside marine encounters where this technique could be critical in reducing blood loss such as limb trauma from motor vehicle accidents, workplace injuries or military settings. The benefits are the simplicity of the technique which may be both easily and effectively performed by bystanders with no medical training. Using a non-clinical environment, we intend on performing a randomised trial to evaluate the efficacy of non-medically trained beachgoers performing pressure points compared with the application of a commercial arterial tourniquet after reading an infographic. We will measure the reduction in arterial blood flow using doppler ultrasound. The project aims to generate translatable research with the goal of influencing local, national, and international first aid guidelines.

Abdominal pain is one of the commonest reasons for children to attend the emergency department (ED), and acute appendicitis is the most common cause of abdominal pain requiring surgery. There are various clinical prediction scores that have been developed to help doctors diagnose appendicitis; however, most scores were developed overseas and are not routinely used in Australian EDs. The aim of this project is to review different published scores and compare them with overall clinician impression in diagnosing acute appendicitis in children presenting to ED.

The project will include all patients presenting to the ED with abdominal pain that are having investigations for possible appendicitis. The treating doctor will be asked to complete a case report form detailing patient history, examination findings, investigation results, as well as their overall clinical impression of the patient’s likelihood of having the diagnosis of appendicitis. Data collected will be analysed by project researchers to determine which scores are the most helpful for clinicians in diagnosing acute appendicitis in children presenting to Australian EDs, with the expectation that this will improve future care provided to children with abdominal pain.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) refers to blood clots in the lung. They can cause sudden death, collapse, chest pain, shortness of breath yet sometimes they cause no symptoms at all and are discovered incidentally. As they can be severe, they have become regarded as a not-to-miss diagnosis. As they can present with a variety of symptoms, emergency clinicians consider the possibility of PE on a frequent basis.

When considering whether a patient has a PE, the clinician may confirm or exclude the diagnosis directly with definitive chest scans. However, these scans are time consuming, costly and have other side effects including exposure to radiation and to chemical contrast agents. When patients are assessed to be less likely of having a PE, it is often possible to safely exclude PE by applying a set of clinical decision rules or doing a blood test called a D-dimer. If the level of D-dimer is below a certain threshold, then PE can be excluded.

We aim to safely exclude PE without scans where possible. Evidence has been building that employing a higher D-dimer threshold is reasonable, yet uptake of this newer approach is limited. We hope to demonstrate that a higher threshold can work in Australia without compromising safety. This will be a large study that answers this question and if shown to be the case, then patient care can be improved while using less resources in busy emergency departments.

SPEED-ED Patient Information Sheet

The project will involve four essential work packages:

• Stakeholder engagement, evidence synthesis and iIMPROVE PSP pathway development. The team will co-design, evidence-based, tailored, consumer-focused PSP care pathways based on their previous research, evidence synthesis and guidelines, developed by and with consumers using established behaviour change and Learning Health System (LHS) frameworks to answer how to implement high-value care in complex systems.
• A stepped wedge cluster randomised trial to determine the implementation effectiveness of iIMPROVE PSP pathway at scale. Evaluation will use the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance (RE-AIM) framework.
• Economic Evaluation of iIMPROVE PSP pathway. A within-trial cost-effectiveness analysis will provide a compelling case for scale-up and economic modelling for longer-term benefits.
• The roadmap for national scale-up will include a survey, implementation toolkits and National Clinical Care Standard co-designed with stakeholders including the Australian Commission for Safety and Quality in Healthcare. This will build legacy implementation research capacity in emergency and respiratory care and drive future collaborative research.

“This is an elegantly simple problem; we should be treating the vast majority of patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) with a watchful waiting approach and therefore avoid unnecessary, painful and costly interventions,” Professor Egerton-Warburton said. “High-level evidence clearly demonstrates that this approach is safe and will reduce iatrogenic harm, hospital admissions, recurrence, surgery and days off work. It will deliver high-value care that is better for consumers and the health system.”

Having two spontaneous pneumothoraxes, the project’s consumer lead investigator Ethan has personally experienced the pain of the typical treatment for PSP.  His experience will offer the research team insight into the unnecessary harm that patients can experience when old, outdated guidelines are followed when providing care.

Ethan said that the chest-tube treatment he received caused more pain and discomfort than the collapsed lung itself. “I feel like the pain and scarring I experienced was due to a lack of evidence-informed practice,” he said. “I’m grateful that I have the opportunity to contribute to this research project, and that my experience can be used to improve care across Australia. I’m hopeful that through this research, people will receive more effective care for PSP, without unnecessary pain.”

Drug overdoses are a common reasons for Emergency Department (ED) presentation. Overdoses may be intentional (self-harm), recreational, or accidental and often lead to reduced consciousness. Patients often need extra attention to their airway and breathing. They can be managed conservatively with oxygen, observation and regular nursing assessments. However, some require intubation: insertion of a breathing tube under sedation.

There is practice variation between doctors as to which overdose patients require intubation. Thus, the patient’s perspective becomes paramount, as their experiences influence management. We also need to understand clinician thought processes to ensure that care is standardised where possible.

This qualitative research is innovative in being the first to assess the patient experience around airway and breathing management for drug overdose with reduced consciousness, and assessing clinician attitudes. This will be done through patient and clinician questionnaires and semi-structured interviews.

AIM 1: To investigate the patient experience for an ED presentation with drug overdose and reduced conscious level. To understand the impact that interventions such as intubation can have on patients.

AIM 2: Explore clinician attitudes to the management of airway and breathing for these patients. Barriers to a conservative approach, triggers for intubation, departmental pressures and existing frameworks of care.

The research will provide insight into how this vulnerable patient population experience their care, and how clinicians reach critical decisions. It will inform development of a pathway of care to be used in the ED assessment of airway and breathing management for patients with drug overdose and reduced consciousness.