Useful Management Information

  • Refer to local HealthPathways or local guidelines
  • Optimize calcium intake (1000-1300mg/d) and vitamin D status (target >50nmol/L)
  • Address smoking minimisation/Quitting
  • Encourage healthy guidelines for alcohol intake (≤2 standard drinks per day and < 10 standard drinks/week)
  • Weight-bearing exercise – specifically resistance exercise or the ONERO program if accessible
  • Consider health plan for access to physio/exercise physiologist Allied health referrals for chronic disease health care plans - Health professionals - Services Australia
  • Denosumab should not be prescribed as first line therapy for patients less than 70 years, unless life expectancy <10 years
  • Use a fracture risk calculator (FRAX or Garvan ) to help guide the need for specific drug therapy, usually considered if high 10-year risk of fracture (Hip fracture >3%, major osteoporotic fracture > 20%)
  • Uncomplicated postmenopausal osteoporosis with fracture should be able to be managed in primary care

Clinical Resources

  • Calcium and bone health-position statement for ANZBMS, Healthy Bones Australia and ESA
  • Healthy Bones Australia / RACGP guideline

Minimum Referral Criteria

Does your patient meet the minimum referral criteria?
Category 1 (appointment within 30 calendar days)
  • Fracture with delayed or missed denosumab therapy
  • Consideration for osteoanabolic therapy (as first-line treatment) in a very high-risk patient with Bone Mineral Density (BMD) T-score < -2.5 and any of the following:
    • > 1 hip or symptomatic vertebral fracture in the previous 24 months
    • > 2 fractures, including 1 symptomatic new fracture in the previous 24 months

NB please do not start these patients on anti-resorptive therapy while waiting for review

  • T-score ≤ -3 and recurrent fractures despite adequate anti-resorptive therapy for at least 12 months, for consideration of second-line osteoanabolic therapy
  • Osteonecrosis of the jaw on anti-resorptive treatment for consideration of modifying ongoing osteoporosis therapy
Category 2 (appointment within 90 calendar days)
  • Recurrent or current fractures despite initiation of treatment for osteoporosis
  • Paget’s disease – symptomatic or ALP ≥2 fold ULN
  • Fibrous dysplasia
  • Osteomalacia
  • Low trauma fracture, in individuals in whom there are contraindications/concerns regarding conventional osteoporosis management
  • Atypical femoral fracture
  • Long term glucocorticoids with BMD t-score <-1.5, in individuals in whom there are contraindications/concerns regarding conventional osteoporosis management
  • Post-transplant osteoporosis (BMD t-score <-2.5) and/or fracturing and/or using glucocorticoids
  • Osteoporosis where PBS thresholds are not met (e.g. Inflammatory bowel disease)
  • Unexplained osteoporosis
  • Complex treatment considerations in osteoporosis, such as, but not limited to:
    • Aged < 30 years,
    • Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/m2,
    • Minimal trauma fracture in pre-menopausal women
Category 3 (appointment within 365 calendar days)
  • Osteoporosis on BMD without fracture in patients <70 years
  • Other (suspected) metabolic bone disease e.g. Osteogenesis imperfecta
  • Incidental finding of localised Paget’s disease changes on bone scan with ALP < 2 fold ULN
  • If the patient does not meet the criteria for referral but the referring practitioner believes the patient requires specialist review, a clinical override may be requested:
    • Please explain why (e.g. warning signs or symptoms, clinical modifiers, uncertain about diagnosis, etc.)
  • Please note that your referral may not be accepted or may be redirected to another service.

Essential Referral Information

History including

  • menopausal status
  • alcohol/smoking history
  • fractures & medications
  • glucocorticoid therapy
  • hypogonadism
  • weight loss
  • diarrhoea and iron deficiency
  • Details of all treatments offered and efficacy
  • FBC ELFT ESR vitamin D TSH, EPP, FLC, urine BJP, anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies, IgA
  • Bone mineral density and XR reports of fracture if relevant
  • For men, please include tests for hypogonadism (morning testosterone, LH, FSH and SHBG)

Additional Referral Information

  • Lateral XR thoracic and lumbar spine reports
Last updated 7 October 2025

Send Referrals To

Smart Referrals

Preferred Method
About Smart Referrals

Secure Web Transfer

Send to: Gold Coast Health Service District

Internal Referrals

Diabetes and Endocrinology qhRefer

Fax

(07) 5687 4497

Post

Booking and Referral Centre
Gold Coast University Hospital
1 Hospital Boulevard
Southport QLD 4215

Enquiries

1300 559 083

Related HealthPathways

No directly related pathways found

Service Availability

Dr Katherine Griffin
Medical Director Diabetes and Endocrinology

Facilities

Gold Coast University Hospital
Robina Hospital

If you would like to send a named referral, please address it to the specialist listed above, who will allocate a suitably qualified specialist to see the patient. Alternatively, you can view a full list of our specialists.

Gold Coast Health - For Clinicians
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